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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">REA Press</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Null</journal-id>
      <journal-title>REA Press</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">3042-2264</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3042-2264</issn><publisher>
      	<publisher-name>REA Press</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
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    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.22105/raise.v2i1.38</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group><subject>Data envelopment analysis, Artificial units, Ranking units.</subject></subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Developing a Model for Determining Practical Super Efficiency and Improvement Based on Artificial DMUs</article-title><subtitle>Developing a Model for Determining Practical Super Efficiency and Improvement Based on Artificial DMUs</subtitle></title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author">
	<name name-style="western">
	<surname>Hosseinzadeh Lotfi</surname>
		<given-names>Farhad </given-names>
	</name>
	<aff>Departmant of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran.</aff>
	</contrib><contrib contrib-type="author">
	<name name-style="western">
	<surname>Didehkhani </surname>
		<given-names>Hosein </given-names>
	</name>
	<aff>Departmant of Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.</aff>
	</contrib></contrib-group>		
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>© 2025 REA Press</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/"><p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p></license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="companion" vol="2" page="e235" id="RA1" ext-link-type="pmc">
			<article-title>Developing a Model for Determining Practical Super Efficiency and Improvement Based on Artificial DMUs</article-title>
      </related-article>
	  <abstract abstract-type="toc">
		<p>
			In contemporary economy and society, performance analysis in the services and industries attract more and more attention. The traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is an efficient method to assess the efficiency in both service and industry. But conventional DEA model has some shortages such as it doesn't suggest any improvement for efficient units and in some situations suggestions are not practical because of real conditions. In this paper we developed a model based on using artificial units to generate some improvement suggestions to efficient units which are practical. Also, we ranked units based on their supper efficiency score. Finally, we applied the model to approve the applicability of the proposed model.
		</p>
		</abstract>
    </article-meta>
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